NCERT Solutions for Class 4 EVS Chapter 12

I have asked my grandfather some questions as mention below:

He lived in a village.

His house was made of mud, straw, wood, rope and bamboo sticks.

No there was no toilet in their house. They use forest for this purpose.

They had a separate kitchen to cook food.

Because a thick layer of mud protects the house from cold and heat.

The people who used the toilet did not clean them, because they thought that was a dirty job. Hence, people from basti used to come to clean the toilets and take away the waste.

Yes, there are toilets in my house. We clean it ourselves.

Cement, bricks, sand, iron rods, wood, tiles, etc., have been used in making our house.

My friend’s house is made of cement, bricks, sand, iron rods, wood, tiles, etc. Yes, there is one difference that they have marble stone flooring in their house but floor of our house is made of tiles.

They will live in the skyscrapers made with iron and cement.

I would like to live in a city where I can easily get all primary facilities like education, medical and jobs. I would like to live in a big modern house.

person works with wood called Carpenter.

A large multi-storey building is being built there.

About 500 hundred people are working there.

Different people are doing different job as, Engineers were supervising the work, masons were pouring the cement on roofs and lintels, some people were carrying the materials from one place to another. Some are operating the cranes and other machines.

There are 400 men and 100 women are working there.

No, children are not working there.

Carpenter – Rs 600/-
Mason – Rs 400/-
Helper – Rs 350/-
Crane operator – Rs 700/-
Foreman – Rs 1000/-

Some of them live in the tents near the construction place, while some come from their residences.

Cement, sand, iron rods, wood, bricks, concrete, etc., are being used for making the building.

About 1200 trucks of bricks and 40,000 bags of cement will be used for making the building.

All materials reach the building site by trucks, tempo, tractor etc.

Price of the different materials are:
One bag of cement: Rs. 350/-
One brick Rs. 4/-
One truck of sand Rs. 5000/-

Different materials used at different time as mention below:
(a) Mud, bamboo, straw, ropes
(b) Wood, nut and bolt, bamboo, iron rods
(c) Cement, sand, iron rods, wood
(d) Cement, sand, iron rods, marbles, tiles.

We need house to protect ourselves from heat of the Sun, strong wind, rain, wild animals, cold and thieves. They give us shelter from different weather conditions and other dangers.

Chetan Das was nine years old and was living in Dera Gazikhan. Today this place is in Pakistan.

At that time, there were a lot of problems all around us. India was under the Britishers and were being exploited. The condition of the country was not good at all. Lots of freedom struggles were going on and India finally got divided into India and Pakistan.

Chetan Das was sad because one day his hat they had to leave our village and move to another place. He became sad as he would have to leave his house and his village. That was where he had all his friends. All of them, his Baba, Amma, younger brothers and sisters took a train to come somewhere near Delhi.

The different people involved in the construction of a house are-
a. Mason- he is the person who lays the bricks and tiles
b. Painter is the person who paints the walls, doors etc
c. Carpenter is the person who makes the wooden things like door, furniture etc
d. Plumber is the person who repairs the taps and pipes
e. Electrician is the person who fits the wiring and plugs etc.
f. Builder is the person who gets the houses built
g. Architect is the person who designs the houses

Children are forced to work at the construction sites, factories etc due to –
• Poverty
• Illiteracy
• Cheap and easy availability of labour

When the children below the age of 14 years are made to do some work that is legally not allowed to be done by them, such type of work is referred to as Child Labour.

No, these children are not given proper wages like the adult labourers. They are paid less than them as the people who keep them on work take advantage of their being young and their needs too. Thus they are often exploited at their workplaces.

They got some land in Sohna village to live where they could build their house.

To build their house his baba and amma worked hard to make the house. We children also helped. Baba dug the soil, and we quickly filled the pans and passed them on to Amma. Gudiya and Amma mixed husk in it. Baba put up the walls.

They brought cow dung from nearby houses. His amma mixed it with the mud. She coated the floor with this mixture, just like she used to do in our old house and this would keep the insects away.

They made the roof now. His baba then made a frame by joining strips of wood and fixed it on the four walls. They put the branches of neem and keekar trees on the frame, so that termites would not harm the wood. Amma also put old gunny bags on this and covered them with mud.

Chetan Das’s amma and baba wanted him to get married. So they wanted to repair their house and build one more room. People in cities were using cement to make their houses as it made the houses stronger. So, they also thought that they should also use cement with iron for making the roof of the new room.

The houses made in earlier times were made by locally available material like wood, husk, cow dung, gunny bags etc. The construction was simple four walled house without any fancy work. The flooring was of mud mixed with cow dung which helped in keeping the insects away. Toilets were not built inside the house. It was either outside or people used to go out in the open areas. The kitchen was built in the courtyard with mud chulha to cook food. All used to sit down to eat food.

The houses made in modern times are made up of bricks, cement, tiles, various stones, glass etc. The houses are either bunglows or high rise buildings with well designed interiors. The houses have fancy flooring with marble chips and every room has an attached toilet with beautifully designed and coloured tiles. Granite and marble slabs with beautiful tiles on the walls and floorings are made in the kitchen with gas stoves which are used for cooking. People sit on the dining tables to eat the food.

In those days unbaked bricks were also available in the market. People used to make the walls with them. The use of bricks was useful as people did not need to coat the wall every week.
They could do it only once in a year.

When Raju got married, there was a need to get the house ready for the new bride. By then, everyone was using baked bricks. They also used them for the walls and put a lintel for the roof. They used marble chips and cement for a strong and fancy floor. In the toilet they put pipes to take away the waste. The kitchen was made bigger. Raju’s wife did not use the clay chulha. She stood in the kitchen while cooking on the gas stove.

The toilets were cleaned by the people living in the basti because the people who were using them thought that it was a low profile job, a dirty job which they were not supposed to do. So they didn’t bother to clean them even if they used them and this work was thus done by the basti people.

Chetandas saw many big high rise buildings on his way from Sohna to Delhi

Local materials are the resources or materials that can be found easily in large quantity at a particular location or area at a certain time. It is the materials that can be used to make a finished element. These materials can be in abundant in some area but not available in another.

A toilet is a basic necessity of every house. Right to sanitation is an essential component of the right to an adequate standard of living. Toilets are essential for the healthy development of people, especially children. So is sanitation which includes facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine and faeces and maintaining hygiene through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

Renovations is the process of improving a broken, damaged, or outdated structure. Renovations are typically either commercial or residential. Moreover, renovation can refer to making something new, or bringing something back to life.

When the bricks are dried throughout, they were stacked in the ovens called kilns, which are heated by fire. The temperature in the kiln is increased slowly until it reached 1600 degrees to 2000 degrees or higher, depending on the kind of clay used.