NCERT Solutions for Class 4 EVS Chapter 1

On bamboo bridges it is more easy to walk on this bridge barefoot because this type of bridge required firm grip between bamboo stick and your foot which is difficult in case of slippers or shoe.

As shown in picture 1 and 2, in picture 1 child pulling water bucket directly, but in picture 2 child using pulley. In both cases child in picture 2 fetch water bucket easily as compare to child in picture 1. This means using pulley to lift a weight is easier method.

There are so many use of pulleys in our daily life, some of them are:
(i). Elevators use multiple pulleys in order to function.
(ii). A cargo lift system that allows for items to be hoisted to higher floors is a pulley system.
(iii). Wells use the pulley system to hoist the bucket out of the well.
(iv). Many types of exercise equipment use pulleys in order to function.
(v). Construction pulleys are used in order to lift and place heavy materials.

Number of people can cross the bridge at one time depends upon the strength of bridge.

children use different kind of bridges, to cross rivers and other uneven areas to reach school. If I have a chance to use a bridge first of all it depends on availability of bridge but if there is choice I would like cement or steel bridge because these are strong, safe and comfortable

Yes, I have to cross a bridge on the way to my school, which is built over river Yamuna. This is a steel bridge, since from long time this bridge is strong and safe.

I asked my grandparents what kinds of bridges were there when they were young? They told me there were temporary bridges like wooden, bamboo and rope pulleys etc. some other methods to cross river were boats, with the help of pole and people crossing in group.

We often need to go across some water bodies, so we use bridges. These are made of cement, bricks and iron rods. These are strong, durable and safe compare to bamboo bridge but costlier than bamboo bridge.

Children uses different kind of bridges like bamboo bridge, trolley bridge, cement bridge etc. to cross rivers and other uneven areas to reach school.

I would like to use cement bridge because these bridge are strong, safe, and easy to use.

Yes, I have to cross a bridge on the way to my school, which is built over river Yamuna. This is a steel bridge, since from long time this bridge is strong and safe.

Cement and steel bridge used by all for example people, animals, vehicles etc. But in case of bamboo bridge and trolley bridge these type of bridge used by human only.

If there is no bridge to cross water bodies, it will be a big difficulty for everyone. There are some other method like boat, but these are time consuming and costly means and even we cannot use these for vehicles and animals.

I have not sit in a camel cart but yes in a horse carriage. It was a time when I was on picnic tour with my friends in Allahabad then we hire a horse carriage to visit sangam. It was little difficult to climb on it so the carriage owner helps us to ride.

Yes, I can ride a bicycle. We ride our bicycles on the long road to school. because it was too far.

Yes, these type of vehicle are existing in our locality also. These are easy and cheap to travel small distance.

No, I would not like to ride this type of vehicle because these are not safe and comfortable.

These type of vehicle can cover long distances and are not allowed on highways.

We have to go through a thick forest to reach school. At some places, it is so thick that even sunlight does not pass through.

Yes, we can recognise sounds of many birds, like sparrow, pigeon, parrot, hen and so many other.

My school was in the hill reason of Uttarakhand. In winter some time there was heavy snow fall. We go to school through miles of snow. We hold hands and walk carefully. If the snow is soft, our feet sink into it. When the snow is frozen, we may slip and fall.

We live in the mountains. The paths are rocky and uneven. The children who live in the plains will find it difficult to walk on these. But we can easily race up and down.

To go to school September, October, February, March are best months. Because in these months’ weather condition is favourable all the way.

A camel cart is the only means of transport used in desert areas. In the desert areas, children ride in camel cart to reach their school.

Bicycle ride is the ride by which children can travel through the difficult roads by their own.

When we go to school through a jungle, we hear sounds of animals, birds and leaves of the trees

A desert is a dry, hot and sandy stretch of land with very little vegetation. A desert is that region of land that is very dry because it gets low amounts of rainfall.

A pulley is a device that consists of a wheel over which a rope or chain is pulled in order to lift heavy objects. The weights are moved with the help of a cable and pulley system. Pulleys are usually used to lift objects, particularly heavy objects. The object lifted by a roller is called a load. A pulley with a wheel allows you to turn around the direction of your lifting force by pulling down on a rope (looped over the wheel) and lifting your weight. A pulley is thus a simple machine made up of wood or metal that uses a ridged or grooved wheel and a rope to lift heavy loads.

Vallam is a small boat used in some parts of Kerala to reach school. In some parts of Kerala, children use a vallam (small wooden boat) to reach school. It is a traditional boat in Kerala which is used to cross small rivers and lakes.

Jugad means something that is made to serve a purpose on temporary basis. Jugad, which is used as a means of transport in Gujarat, makes use of waste materials

A trolley is an open box made of wood attached with a rope which is tied to strong trees or rocks on both sides. A pulley helps the trolley to move across the rope.

Three ways of crossing a water body are:
(i) bamboo bridge
(ii) trolley
(iii) cement bridge

Various problems faced by the students in the rural areas while going to school are that:
(i) they don’t have proper transportation due to which students have to face a lot of problems
(ii) the school is also located in remote areas it is very far from their home.
(iii) the schools also don’t have proper facilities for water or food, also for studies.
(iv) teachers are also not very good and well educated
(v) the distance is too much and it makes the students tired as they have to go to long distance.
(vi) The school does not have proper lighting, sitting facility etc.

We reach the school by bus, van, car, two-wheeler etc but in other parts of our country various means are used to reach the schools. Some of them are-
(i) Vallam –It is used in Kerala. It is a small boat which is used to cross the rivers and streams.
(ii) Camel Cart-It is used in desert areas to reach the school.
(iii) Bullock Cart- Children living in the villages in the plain areas use bullock carts to reach the schools.
(iv) Walking- Some children walk through dense forests, rocky paths and miles of snow to reach their school.
(v) Trolley –It is used in Ladakh and other hilly areas. It is an open box made up of wood and is attached with a strong iron rope tied tightly with strong trees or rocks across the river or valley.
(vi) Bicycle-The Children ride bicycle in the villages, towns and cities to reach their school.
(vii) Jugad- A jugad has been used by children to reach their school in Rajasthan. It is made by putting together parts from other vehicles or machines. A carriage is attached to a motorcycle or some other vehicle to carry children to the school.

A bridge is a structure that is built to cross any physical obstacle or hurdle without crossing the way below or underneath such as a body of water, valley or road.

The purpose of making bridges is to-
• provide passage over the obstacle, which is difficult or impossible to cross.
• allow people or vehicles to cross from one side to another.
• travel so that people can purchase goods and services in their own communities and beyond.

A pulley is used-
• to draw water from the wells
• in lifts, cable cars, curtains, gym equipments, escalators etc.
• in flagpole to hoist a flag
• in crane to lift heavy loads

Pulley helps in the following ways-
• it makes our work easier by changing the direction of the force required to lift the load directly
• less effort is needed to complete the work. For example- to raise the bucket of water in a well, a downward force is needed which is easier than applying an upward force to lift it.

If we have to reach the school through miles of snow., it would be very difficult for us as the snow is soft, our feet will sink into it. And when the snow is frozen, we may slip and fall down.

Using a personal vehicle for reaching the school rather than using the means of other transport like buses, vans, etc., is the best and easiest method to reach school because you don’t have any restrictions like stoppage time, etc.

If there was no bridge over the river in states like Assam, people would have crossed the river by boat to reach their places. It would consume more time and it will be a problem for the people who don’t know how to cross a rive or are afraid of water.

A pulley is used to draw water out of a well as it helps us by changing the direction of the force which is being used to lift an object. It is easier for us to pull down on a rope rather than pulling up on a rope. By using a pulley, we do not have to pull up on a rope to lift a heavy object attached to it, but instead we can pull down on it.

The camel cart is used in the rural Rajasthan area, as a means of transportation. The camel can easily bear the hot climatic conditions of Rajasthan. The camel carts are also useful in the desert regions as-
• It can walk across the land on sand where the vehicles cannot move.
• Items can be loaded onto a camel’s back, with often more than one camel travelling in procession.
• The long rows of camels, Caravan, are tied together to be led with their cargo to their destination.
• They help people and goods to go from one place to another in desert areas.
So, in Rajasthan, children live in desert and there is sand all around. Camel cart is the only transport used in desert areas. The children ride in camel cart to reach their school.

The children living in dense forest areas have to walk their way to reach the school because it is difficult to clear such dense forests and make roads here. Moreover the forests are so dense that it is difficult to walk through them. There are chances of wild animals, snakes etc being found in the dense forests. At some places, it is so thick that even sunlight does not pass through. It is also very silent there, you can only hear the sounds of different birds and other creatures Dense forests areas are covered with a lot of vegetation which includes trees , plants, grass etc. There are no pucca roads where any means of transport can move. Thus the children living there have to walk to reach the school.

The difficulties faced by children while going to school during rainy season are that as it rains so much, sometimes after the rain, there is knee-high water everywhere. And still the children have to go to school holding their books in one hand and bamboo with the other. The children have to quickly cross the bamboo and rope bridge to reach school. They face difficulties while walking on the bridge as it is not very strong too and there are chances of falling down too.

A bullock cart or ox cart also called a bullock carriage is a two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen. The cart is attached to an ox team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals.

The children who live in the plains find it difficult to walk on rocky path because they are not used to walk on an uneven, rough path which is difficult to walk on. They are used to walk on plain smooth surface that is why they will find it difficult on the path which is full of rocks and is uneven. They are not able to make a grip on rocky path.

Children going to school through a jungle can we hear different sounds because the jungles are very dense and these children have to go through a thick forest to reach school. At some places, it is so thick that even sunlight does not pass through. It is also very silent there that they can only hear the sounds of different birds and other creatures.

we will face following difficulties without bridges
• It would be difficult to cross rivers, canals, railway line, and busy roads without bridges
• without bridge distance would be longer and it would take more time
• as we can’t cross the river we can’t reach each and every place etc.

The snow and ice are unsafe for people who are walking on it. Trying to wear high heels or shoes with a smooth bottom isn’t going to work in snow and ice. We need shoes that have grooves or grips on them so that we can walk easily and comfortably.

A tunnel is an underground passageway which is dug through the nearby soil/earth/rock and is enclosed apart from for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicle road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.

Similarity both are an important means of transportation system
Difference:
• A bridge is a path used for transportation over an obstacle that may be in the way, such as a river or a valley, while a tunnel is a path for transportation through an obstacle that may be in the way, such as a mountain.
• A bridge goes over something while a tunnel goes through something.
• Bridges are thus the structures built over a river, road or other obstacle to allow people /vehicles to cross from one side to another whereas tunnels are the underground passage way for the trains or other vehicles.

A bridge is built to cross any physical hurdle or obstacle like river, valley or a crowded road easily so that people can reach the other side without facing any problem.

The camel has-
• long eyelashes which protect the eyes of a camel from the blowing sand.
• Nostrils that can open and close at its own will to keep out the blowing sand.
• Long legs to keep its body away from hot sand
• Large padded feet to walk on hot sand.
• Joined toes to prevent sinking into the sand
• Hump to store extra food as fat which provides energy where water is stored in the body cells.

a. Mountain- It is higher than a hill with a single highest point called peak.
b. Plain- A flat surface of land at the sea level.
c. Plateau- A raised table shaped land higher than palins.