NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 3 Matrices

Class 12 Maths Chapter 3 Solutions are useful for CBSE and UP Board students, they can download these plus two solutions in PDF format free otherwise use online these updated solutions for the new academic session 2024-25. In Uttar Pradesh now NCERT Textbooks are implemented for class 12, so students of 10+2 can use these UP Board Solution for Class 12 Maths Chapter 3. In every question of 12th Maths Chapter 3 Matrix, the explanation of each step is given. The step by step solutions for plus two Maths is given with video solution and text file format. Madhya Pradesh and Gujrat Board are also following Textbooks of NCERT. So, these solutions of 12th Maths Chapter 3, is important not only for CBSE or UP Board Students, but the other boards also who are using 12th NCERT Textbooks as current course books.

Download NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths chapter 3 exercise 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and miscellaneous exercises in English and Hindi Medium for CBSE Board. UP Board Students are using the same NCERT Books, so they can also use these solutions as UP Board Solutions 12 Maths Chapter 3 for the academic session 2024-25. We have done everything perfectly to provide solutions of Class 12 Maths for CBSE and UP Board, if you feel some problem, inform us. We will definitely rectify.

Matrix

The arrangement of real numbers in a rectangular array enclosed in brackets as [] or () is known as a Matrix (Matrices is plural of matrix). Matrix operations are used in electronic physics, computers, budgeting, cost estimation, analysis and experiments. They are also used in cryptography, modern psychology, genetics, industrial management etc. In general an m x n matrix is matrix having m rows and n columns. it can be written as follows:

1. Order of a Matrix
   There may be any number of rows and any number of columns in a matrix. If there are m rows and n columns in matrix A, its order is m x n and it is read as an m x n matrix.
2. Transpose of a Matrix
   The transpose of a given matrix A is formed by interchanging its rows and columns and is denoted by A’.
3. Symmetric Matrix
   A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if A’ = A.
4. Skew-Symmetric Matrix
   A square matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric if A’ = – A. all elements in the principal diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are zeroes.
5. Addition of Matrix
   If A and B are any two given matrices of the same order, then their sum is defined to be a matrix C whose respective elements are the sum of the corresponding elements of the matrices A and B and we write this as C = A + B.

Types of Matrices

1. Row matrix: A row matrix has only one row but any number of columns.
2. Column matrix: A column matrix has only one column but any number of rows.
3. Square matrix: A square matrix has the number of column equal to the number of rows.
4. Rectangular Matrix: A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns.
5. Diagonal matrix: If in a square matrix has all elements 0 except principal diagonal elements, it is called diagonal matrix.
6. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in its principal diagonal are equal to some non-zero constant.
7. Zero or Null matrix: If all elements of a matrix are zero, then the matrix is known as zero matrix and denoted by O.
8. Unit or Identity matrix: If in a square matrix has all elements 0 and each diagonal elements are non-zero, it is called identity matrix and denoted by I.
9. Equal Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and if their corresponding elements are equal.

Properties of Matrices

• When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar, then each of its element is multiplied by the same scalar.
• If A and B are any two given matrices of the same order, then their sum is defined to be a matrix C whose respective elements are the sum of the corresponding elements of the matrices A and B and we write this as C = A + B.
• For any two matrices A and B of the same order, A + B = B + A. i.e. matrix addition is commutative.
• For any three matrices A, B and C of the same order, A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C i.e., matrix addition is associative.
• Additive identity is a zero matrix, which when added to a given matrix, gives the same given matrix, i.e., A + O = A = O + A.
• If A + B = O, then the matrix B is called the additive inverse of the matrix of A.
• If A and B are two matrices of order m x p and p x n respectively, then their product will be a matrix C of order m x n.

Invertible Matrix

A square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such that AB = I = BA, Where I is identify matrix of order n.
Theorems of invertible matrices

• Theorem 1: Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
• Theorem 2: A square matrix is invertible iff it is non-singular.

Historical Facts!

Matrix is a latin word. Originally matrices are used for solutions of simultaneous linear equations in Mathematics. An important Chinese Text between 300 BC and 200 AD, nine chapters of Mathematical Art(Chiu Chang Suan Shu), give the use of matrix methods to solve simultaneous equations. Carl Friedrich Gauss(1777 – 1855) also gave the method to solve simultaneous equations by matrix method.