NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics Chapter 5 Government Budget and the Economy

There is a constitutional demand in Republic of India to present before the Parliament, an announcement of calculable receipts and expenditure of the govt in respect of each financial year which runs from 1st April to 31st March. This ‘Annual Financial Statement’ represent the primary budget document of the govt. The govt plays an awfully vital role in increasing the welfare of the people. Government provides certain goods and services that can’t be provided by the market mechanism, i.e.; by exchange between individual shoppers and producers.

Example of such merchandise are national defence, roads, government administration, etc., that are noted as public goods. To grasp why public merchandise, got to be provided by the govt, we must understand the difference between non-public merchandises such as garments, cars, food items, etc. and public merchandise. The benefit of public goods is available to all and not restricted to one particular user. Think about a public park or measures to scale back pollution, the advantages are obtainable to all or any. Just in case of personal merchandise, anyone who does not pay to obtain the product, can be excluded from enjoying its advantages. Like, if you don’t buy a ticket of the movie, you may not be allowed to enter the cinema hall.

However, in case of public merchandise, there is no possible approach of excluding anyone from enjoying the advantages of the product. That is why public merchandise is known as non-excludable. Even if some users do not pay, it’s tough and typically not possible to gather fees for the general public merchandise. These non-paying users are known as ‘free-riders’. There is, however, a distinction between public provision and public production. Public provision implies that they’re finances through the budget and may be used with none direct payment. Public merchandise could also be created by the govt or the non-public sector. When goods are created directly by the govt, it is known as public production.

Revenue receipts: These receipts are those receipts that don’t lead result in a claim on the govt. They’re thus termed non-redeemable. They’re divided into tax and non-tax revenues. Taxation, a vital element of revenue receipts, have for long been divided into direct taxes and companies, and indirect taxes like excise taxes, custom duties and service taxes. Alternative direct taxes like wealth tax, gift tax and state duty haven’t brought in a great deal of revenue and therefore are remarked as paper taxes. The distribution objective is wanted to be achieved through progressive financial gain taxation, within which higher the financial gain, higher is that the rate. Companies are taxed on a proportional basis, wherever the rate could be an explicit proportion of the profits.

With respect to excise taxes, requirements of life are exempted or taxed at low rates, comforts and semi-luxuries are moderately taxed and luxuries, tobacco and fossil fuel merchandise are taxed heavily. Non-tax revenue of the central government primarily consists of interest receipts on account of loans by the central government, dividends and profits on investments created by the govt, fees and alternative receipts for services rendered by the govt. Money grant-in-aid from foreign countries and international organisations are enclosed. The estimate of revenue receipts takes into accounts the consequences of tax proposal created within the finance bill.

Capital receipts
The govt additionally receives cash by means of loans or from the sale of its assets. Loans can need to be returned to the agencies from that they have been borrowed. Thus, they produce liability. Sale of presidency assets, like sale of shares in Public Sector Undertakings, that is remarked as PSU withdrawal, cut back the whole quantity of monetary assets of the govt. All those receipts of the govt that produce liability or cut back monetary assets are termed as capital receipts.

Revenue expenditure: It is an expenditure incurred for purposes other than the creation of physical or financial assets of the central govt. It relates to those expenses incurred for the normal functioning of the govt departments and various services, interest payment on debt incurred by the govt, and grants given to state govt and other parties. Budget documents classify total expenditure into planned and non-planned expenditure. By this classification, planned revenue expenditure relates to the central plans and central assistance for state and union territory plans.

Non-plan expenditure, covers a vast range of general, economic and social services of the govt. The main items of non-plan expenditure are interest payments, defence services, subsidies, salaries and pensions. Interest payments on market loan, external loans and from various reserve funds constitute the single largest component of non-plan revenue expenditure. Defence expenditure, is committed expenditure in the sense that given the national security concerns, there exists little scope for drastic reduction. Subsidies are an important policy instrument which aims at increasing welfare. Apart from providing implicit subsidies through under-pricing of public goods and services like education and health, the government also extends subsidy explicitly on items such as exports, interest on loans, food and fertilisers.

Capital expenditure
There are expenditure of the govt which result in creation of physical or financial assets or reduction in financial liabilities. This includes expenditure on the acquisition of land, building, machinery, equipment, investment in shares, and loan and advances by the central govt to state and union territory govts, PSUs and other parties. Capital expenditures are also categorised as plan and non-plan in the budget documents. Plan capital expenditure, like its revenue counterpart, relates to central plan and central assistance for states and union territory plans. Non-plan capital expenditure covers various general, social and economic services provided by the govt.