Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Important Questions

The Per capita income introduce the total average income earned by the per person of a particular region, state, country, etc. income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries. Countries with per capita and those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum. We compare the average Income by dividing the total income the country to its total population.

Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. The element of developing are Health, Education and employment.

Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.

Countries with higher income are more developed as compared to that with lower per capita income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human being needs. Whatever people like that human being however they will be able to get with greater income. So greater income itself is consider to be one important goal.

Beside seeking more income one way or the other people also seek things like treatment freedom security and respect of others. There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our life and these are often ignored. For example, if you get a job in a far from your region before accepting it you would try to consider many factor apart from income such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere to earn something new.

Besides seeking more income, one- way or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live. can buy with it, is one factor on which Money, or material things that one our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things mentioned above. If it is not obvious to you, then just think of the role of your friends in your life. You may desire their friendship. Similarly, there are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.

It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal. for comparison between countries, total income is not such an useful measure. Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Are people in one country better off than others in a different country? Hence, we compare the average income of the country divided by its which is the total population. The average income is also called per capita income.

In World Development Reports brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called developed countries.

When we looked at individual aspirations and goals, we found that people not only think of better income but also have goals such as security, respect for others equal treatment, freedom, etc. in mind. Similarly, when we think of a nation or a region, we may, besides average income, think of other equally important attributes.

The reason is — money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. So, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example, normally, your money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.

Sri Lanka, is much ahead of India in every respect and a big country like ours has such a low rank in the world. Nepal and Bangladesh have low per capita income than that of India, yet they are better than India in life expectancy Many improvements have been. suggested in calculating HDI and many new components have been added to the Human Development Report but, by pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it very clear that what is important in development is what is happening to citizens of a country. It is people, their health, their well-being that is most important.

“Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. About300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during the past 20 years. Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In another 25 years, 60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present way of using this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.”

Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be replenished. We do discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even this will get exhausted.

More days of work and collect a better wage.
Provide a quality education facility to their children.
There should be no social discrimination so their children could able to became leader in village.

They can able to take education from higher schools.
They have a personal mobile and also a personal motor car.
They have full independence for visiting abroad.

To get as much freedom as her brother have.
Freedom to decide her own future including her marriage.
If possible to go abroad to get higher education.

Total income of four families
= 5000×4
= ₹20,000
Total income of three families
= 4000 + 7000 + 3000
= ₹14,000
Income of the fourth family
= 20000 – 14000
= ₹6000

They can able to take education from higher schools.
They have a personal mobile and also a personal motor car.
They have full independence for visiting abroad.

To get as much freedom as her brother have.
Freedom to decide her own future including her marriage.
If possible to go abroad to get higher education.

Total income of four families
= 5000×4
= ₹20,000
Total income of three families
= 4000 + 7000 + 3000
= ₹14,000
Income of the fourth family
= 20000 – 14000
= ₹6000